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by
J. Gresham Machen (1881-1937)
The Importance of Christian Scholarship in
The Defense of The Faith
J. Gresham Machen
©1996,
1999 Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
This Address was originally
delivered in London on June 17, 1932.
There are, indeed, those who tell us
that no defense of the faith is necessary. "The Bible needs no defense," they
say; "let us not be forever defending Christianity, but instead let us go forth
joyously to propagate Christianity." But I have observed one curious fact-- when
men talk thus about propagating Christianity without defending it, the thing
that they are propagating is pretty sure not to be Christianity at all. They are
propagating an anti-intellectualistic, non-doctrinal Modernism; and the reason
why it requires no defense is simply that it is so completely in accord with the
current of the age. It causes no more disturbance than does a chip that floats
downward with a stream. In order to be an adherent of it, a man does not need to
resist anything at all; he needs only to drift, and automatically his Modernism
will be of the most approved and popular kind. One thing need always be
remembered in the Christian Church-- true Christianity, now as always, is
radically contrary to the natural man, and it cannot possibly be maintained
without a constant struggle. A chip that floats downwards with the current is
always at peace; but around every rock the waters foam and rage. Show me a
professing Christian of whom all men speak well, and I will show you a man who
is probably unfaithful to His Lord.
Certainly a Christianity that avoids
argument is not the Christianity of the New Testament. The New Testament is full
of argument in defense of the faith. The Epistles of Paul are full of argument--
no one can doubt that. But even the words of Jesus are full of argument in
defense of the truth of what Jesus was saying. "If ye then, being evil, know how
to give good gifts unto your children, how much more shall your Father which is
in heaven give good things to them that ask him?" Is not that a well-known form
of reasoning, which the logicians would put in its proper category? Many of the
parables of Jesus are argumentative in character. Even our Lord, who spoke in
the plenitude of divine authority, did condescend to reason with men. Everywhere
the New Testament meets objections fairly, and presents the gospel as a
thoroughly reasonable thing.
Some years ago I was in a company of
students who were discussing methods of Christian work. An older man, who had
had much experience in working among students, arose and said that according to
his experience you never win a man to Christ until you stop arguing with him.
When he said that, I was not impressed.
It is perfectly true, of course, that
argument alone is quite insufficient to make a man a Christian. You may argue
with him from now until the end of the world; you may bring forth the most
magnificent arguments: but all will be in vain unless there be one other thing -
the mysterious, creative power of the Holy Spirit in the new birth. But because
argument is insufficient, it does not follow that it is unnecessary. Sometimes
it is used directly by the Holy Spirit to bring a man to Christ. But more
frequently it is used indirectly. A man hears an answer to objections raised
against the truth of the Christian religion; and at the time when he hears it he
is not impressed. But afterwards, perhaps many years afterwards, his heart at
last is touched: he is convicted of sin; he desires to be saved. Yet without
that half- forgotten argument he could not believe; the gospel would not seem to
him to be true, and he would remain in his sin. As it is, however, the thought
of what he has heard long ago comes into his mind: Christian apologetics at last
has its day; the way is open, and when he will believe he can believe because he
has been made to see that believing is not an offense against truth.
Sometimes, when I have tried-- very
imperfectly, I confess-- to present arguments in defense of the resurrection of
our Lord or of the truth, at this point or that, of God's Word, someone has come
up to me after the lecture and has said to me very kindly: "We liked it, and we
are impressed with the considerations that you have adduced in defense of the
faith; but, the trouble is, we all believed in the Bible already, and the
persons that really needed the lecture are not here." When someone tells me
that, I am not very greatly disturbed. True, I should have liked to have just as
many sceptics as possible at my lecture; but if they are not there I do not
necessarily think that my efforts are all in vain. What I am trying to do by my
apologetic lecture is not merely - perhaps not even primarily-- to convince
people who are opposed to the Christian religion. Rather am I trying to give to
Christian people-- Christian parents or Sunday School teachers-- materials that
they can use, not in dealing with avowed sceptics, whose backs are up against
Christianity, but in dealing with their own children or with the pupils in their
classes, who love them, and long to be Christians as they are, but are troubled
by the hostile voices on every side.
It is but a narrow view of Christian
apologetics that regards the defense of the faith as being useful only in the
immediate winning of those who are arguing vigorously on the other side. Rather
it is useful most of all in producing an intellectual atmosphere in which the
acceptance of the gospel will seem to be something other than an offense against
truth. Charles Spurgeon and D. L. Moody, in the latter years of the nineteenth
century, were facing a situation entirely different from that which faces the
evangelists of today. They were facing a world in which many people in their
youth had been imbued with Christian convictions, and in which public opinion,
to a very considerable extent, was in favor of the Christian faith. Today, on
the other hand, public opinion even in England and America, is predominantly
opposed to the Christian faith, and the people from their youth are imbued with
the notion that Christian convictions are antiquated and absurd. Never was there
a stronger call of God than there is today for a vigorous and scholarly defense
of the faith.
I believe that the more thoughtful of
the evangelists are coming to recognize that fact. There was a time, twenty-five
or thirty years ago, when the evangelists regarded the work of Christian
apologists as either impious or a waste of time. Here are souls to be saved,
they said; and professors in theological seminaries insist on confusing their
students' minds with a lot of German names, instead of preaching the simple
gospel of Christ. But today a different temper often prevails. Evangelists, if
they be real evangelists, real proclaimers of the unpopular message that the
Bible contains, are coming more and more to see that they cannot do without
those despised theological professors after all. It is useless to proclaim a
gospel that people cannot hold to be true: no amount of emotional appeal can do
anything against the truth. The question of fact cannot permanently be evaded.
Did Christ or did He not rise from the dead; is the Bible trustworthy or is it
false? In other words, the twelfth chapter of I Corinthians is coming again to
its rights. We are coming to understand how many-sided is the work of Christ;
the eye is ceasing to "say to the hand, 'I have no need of thee.'" Certainly one
thing is clear if Christian apologetics suffers, injury will come to every
member of the body of Christ.
But if we are to have Christian
apologetics, if we are to have a defense of the faith, what kind of defense of
the faith should it be?
In the first place, it should be
directed not only against the opponents outside the Church but also against the
opponents within. The opponents of Holy Scripture do not become less dangerous,
but they become far more dangerous, when they are within ecclesiastical walls.
At that point, I am well aware that
widespread objection arises at the present time. Let us above all, men say, have
no controversy in the Church; let us forget our small theological differences
and all repeat together Paul's hymn to Christian love. As I listen to such
pleas, my Christian friends, I think I can detect in them rather plainly the
voice of Satan. That voice is heard, sometimes, on the lips of good and truly
Christian men, as at Caesarea Philippi it was heard on the lips of the greatest
of the Twelve. But Satan's voice it is, all the same.
Sometimes it comes to us in rather
deceptive ways. I remember, for example, what was said in my hearing on one
occasion, by a man who is generally regarded as one of the leaders of the
evangelical Christian Church. It was said at the climax of a day of devotional
services. "If you go heresy-hunting for the sin in your own wicked hearts," said
the speaker, as nearly as I can remember his words, "you will have no time for
heresy-hunting for the heretics outside."
Thus did temptation come through the
mouth of a well-meaning man. The "heretics," to use the term that was used by
that speaker, are, with their helpers, the indifferentists, in control of the
church within the bounds of which that utterance was made, the Presbyterian
Church in the United States of America, as they are in control of nearly all the
larger Protestant churches in the world. A man hardly needs to "hunt" them very
long if he is to oppose them. All that he needs to do is to be faithful to the
Lord Jesus Christ, and his opposition to those men will follow soon enough.
But is it true, as this speaker
seemed to imply, that there is a conflict between faithfulness to Christ in the
ecclesiastical world and the cultivation of holiness in one's own inner life? My
friends, it is not true, but false. A man cannot successfully go heresy-hunting
against the sin in his own life if he is willing to deny His Lord in the
presence of the enemies outside. The two battles are intimately connected. A man
cannot fight successfully in one unless he fights also in the other.
Again, we are told that our
theological differences will disappear if we will just get down on our knees
together in prayer. Well, I can only say about that kind of prayer, which is
indifferent to the question whether the gospel is true or false, that it is not
Christian prayer; it is bowing down in the house of Rimmon. God save us from it!
Instead, may God lead us to the kind of prayer in which, recognizing the
dreadful condition of the visible Church, recognizing the unbelief and the sin
which dominate it today, we who are opposed to the current of the age both in
the world and in the Church, facing the facts as they are, lay those facts
before God, as Hezekiah laid before Him the threatening letter of the Assyrian
enemy, and humbly ask Him to give the answer.
Again, men say that instead of
engaging in controversy in the Church, we ought to pray to God for a revival;
instead of polemics, we ought to have evangelism. Well, what kind of revival do
you think that will be? What sort of evangelism is it that is indifferent to the
question of what evangel it is that is to be preached? Not a revival in the New
Testament sense, not the evangelism that Paul meant when he said, "Woe is unto
me, if I preach not the gospel." No, my friends, there can be no true evangelism
which makes common cause with the enemies of the Cross of Christ. Souls will
hardly be saved unless the evangelists can say with Paul: "If we or an angel
from heaven preach any other gospel than that which we preached unto you, let
him be accursed!" Every true revival is born in controversy, and leads to more
controversy. That has been true ever since our Lord said that He came not to
bring peace upon the earth but a sword. And do you know what I think will happen
when God sends a new Reformation upon the Church? We cannot tell when that
blessed day will come. But when the blessed day does come, I think we can say at
least one result that it will bring. We shall hear nothing on that day about the
evils of controversy in the Church. All that will be swept away as with a mighty
flood. A man who is on fire with a message never talks in that wretched, feeble
way, but proclaims the truth joyously and fearlessly, in the presence of every
high thing that is lifted up against the gospel of Christ.
But men tell us that instead of
engaging in controversy about doctrine we ought to seek the power of the living
Holy Spirit. A few years ago we had a celebration of the anniversary of
Pentecost. At that time, our Presbyterian Church was engaged in a conflict, the
gist of which concerned the question of the truth of the Bible. Was the Church
going to insist, or was it not going to insist, that its ministers should
believe that the Bible is true? At that time of decision, and almost, it seemed,
as though to evade the issue, many sermons were preached on the subject of the
Holy Spirit. Do you think that those sermons, if they really were preached in
that way, were approved by Him with whom they dealt. I fear not, my friends. A
man can hardly receive the power of the Holy Spirit if he seeks to evade the
question whether the blessed Book that the Spirit has given us is true or false.
Again, men tell us that our preaching
should be positive and not negative, that we can preach the truth without
attacking error. But if we follow that advice we shall have to close our Bible
and desert its teachings. The New Testament is a polemic book almost from
beginning to end. Some years ago I was in a company of teachers of the Bible in
the colleges and other educational institutions of America. One of the most
eminent theological professors in the country made an address. In it he admitted
that there are unfortunate controversies about doctrine in the Epistles of Paul;
but, said he in effect, the real essence of Paul's teaching is found in the hymn
to Christian love in the thirteenth chapter of I Corinthians; and we can avoid
controversy today, if we will only devote the chief attention to that inspiring
hymn. In reply, I am bound to say that the example was singularly ill-chosen.
That hymn to Christian love is in the midst of a great polemic passage; it would
never have been written if Paul had been opposed to controversy with error in
the Church. It was because his soul was stirred within him by a wrong use of the
spiritual gifts that he was able to write that glorious hymn. So it is always in
the Church. Every really great Christian utterance, it may almost be said, is
born in controversy. It is when men have felt compelled to take a stand against
error that they have risen to the really great heights in the celebration of
truth.
But in defending the faith against
the attack upon it that is being made both without and within the Church, what
method of defense should be used?
In answer to that question, I have
time only to say two things. In the first place, the defense, with the polemic
that it involves, should be perfectly open and above board. I have just stated,
that I believe in controversy. But in controversy I do try to observe the Golden
Rule; I do try to do unto others as I would have others do unto me. And the kind
of controversy that pleases me in an opponent is a controversy that is
altogether frank.
Sometimes I go into a company of
modern men. A man gets up upon the platform, looks out benignly upon the
audience, and says: "I think, brethren, that we are all agreed about this"-- and
then proceeds to trample ruthlessly upon everything that is dearest to my heart.
When he does that, I feel aggrieved. I do not feel aggrieved because he gives
free expression to opinions that are different from mine. But I feel aggrieved
because he calls me his "brother" and assumes, prior to investigation, that I
agree with what he is going to say. A kind of controversy that pleases me better
than that is a kind of controversy in which a man gets up upon the platform,
looks out upon the audience, and says: "What is this? I see that one of those
absurd Fundamentalists has somehow strayed into this company of educated men,"
and then proceeds to call me by every opprobrious term that is to be found in
one of the most unsavory paragraphs of Roget's Thesaurus. When he does that, I
do not feel too much distressed. I can even endure the application to me of the
term "Fundamentalist," though for the life of me I cannot see why adherents of
the Christian religion, which has been in the world for some nineteen hundred
years, should suddenly be made an "-ism," and be called by some strange new
name. The point is that that speaker at least does me the honor of recognizing
that a profound difference separates my view from his. We understand each other
perfectly, and it is quite possible that we may be, if not brothers (I object to
the degradation of that word), yet at least good friends.
In the second place, the defense of
the faith should be of a scholarly kind. Mere denunciation does not constitute
an argument; and before a man can refute successfully an argument of an
opponent, he must understand the argument that he is endeavoring to refute.
Personalities, in such debate, should be kept in the background; and analysis of
the motives of one's opponents has little place.
That principle, certainly in America,
has been violated constantly by the advocates of the Modernist or indifferentist
position in the Church. It has been violated by them far more than by the
defenders of God's Word. Yet the latter, strangely enough, have received the
blame. The representatives of the dominant Modern indifferentist forces have
often engaged in the most violent adjectival abuse of their opponents; yet they
have been called sweet and beautiful and tolerant. The defenders of the Bible,
and of the historic position of the Church, on the other hand, have spoken
courteously, though plainly, in opposition, and have been called "bitter" and
"extreme." I am reminded of the way in which an intelligent American Indian is
reported (I saw it in the American magazine The Saturday Evening Post a
few months ago) to have characterized the terminology used in histories of the
wars between the white men and the men of his race. "When you won," said the
Indian, "it was, according to your histories, a 'battle'; when we won, it was a
'massacre.'"
Such, I suppose, is the treatment of
the unpopular side in every conflict. Certainly it is the treatment which we
receive today. Men have found it to be an effective way of making themselves
popular, to abuse the representatives of so unpopular a cause as that which we
Bible-believing Christians represent.
Yet I do not think we ought to be
dismayed. If in these days of unbelief and defection in the Church we are called
upon to bear just a little bit of the reproach of Christ, we ought to count
ourselves honored, and certainly we ought not mitigate in the slightest measure
the plainness either of our defense of the truth or of our warnings against
error. Men's favor is worth very little after all, in comparison with the favor
of Christ.
But certainly we should strive to
keep ourselves free from that with which we are charged. Because our opponents
are guilty, that is no reason why we should make ourselves guilty too.
It is no easy thing to defend the
Christian faith against the mighty attack that is being brought against it at
the present day. Knowledge of the truth is necessary, and also clear
acquaintance with the forces hostile to the truth in modern thought.
At that point, a final objection may
arise. Does it not involve a terrible peril to men's souls to ask them-- for
example, in their preparation for the ministry-- to acquaint themselves with
things that are being said against the gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ? Would it
not be safer to learn only of the truth, without acquainting ourselves with
error? We answer, "Of course it would be safer." It would be far safer, no
doubt, to live in a fool's paradise and close one's eyes to what is going on in
the world today, just as it is safer to remain in secure dugouts rather than to
go over the top in some great attack. We save our souls, perhaps, by such
tactics, but the Lord's enemies remain in possession of the field. It is a great
battle indeed, this intellectual battle of today; deadly perils await every man
who engages in that conflict. But it is the Lord's battle, and He is a great
Captain in the fight.
There are, indeed, some perils that
should be avoided-- particularly the peril of acquainting ourselves with what is
said against the Christian religion without ever obtaining any really orderly
acquaintance with what can be said for it. That is the peril to which a
candidate for the ministry, for example, subjects himself when he attends only
one of the theological colleges where the professors are adherents of the
dominant naturalistic view. What does such a course of study mean? It means
simply this, that a man does not think the historic Christian faith, which has
given him his spiritual nurture, to be worthy of a fair hearing. That is my only
argument in advising a man to study, for example, at an institution like
Westminster Theological Seminary, which I have the honor to serve. I am not
asking him to close his eyes to what can be said against the historic faith.
But, I am telling him that the logical order is to learn what a thing is before
one attends exclusively to what can be said against it; and I am telling him
further, that the way to learn what a thing is, is not to listen first to its
opponents, but to grant a full hearing to those who believe in it with all their
minds and hearts. After that has been done, after our students, by pursuing the
complete course of study, have obtained something like an orderly acquaintance
with the marvelous system of truth that the Bible contains, then the more they
listen to what can be said against it, the better defenders of it they will
probably be.
Let us, therefore, pray that God will
raise up for us today true defenders of the Christian faith. We are living in
the midst of a mighty conflict against the Christian religion. The conflict is
carried on with intellectual weapons. Whether we like it or not, there are
millions upon millions of our fellowmen who reject Christianity for the simple
reason that they do not believe Christianity to be true. What is to be done in
such a situation?
We can learn, at this point, a lesson
from the past history of the Church. This is not the first time during the past
nineteen hundred years when intellectual objections have been raised against the
gospel of Christ. How have those objections been treated? Have they been evaded,
or have they been faced? The answer is written large in the history of the
Church. The objections have been faced. God has raised up in time of need, not
only evangelists to appeal to the multitudes, but also Christian scholars to
meet the intellectual attack. So it will be in our day, my friends. The
Christian religion flourishes not in the darkness but in the light. Intellectual
slothfulness is but a quack remedy for unbelief; the true remedy is consecration
of intellectual powers to the service of the Lord Jesus Christ.
Let us not fear for the result. Many
times, in the course of the past nineteen hundred years, men have predicted that
in a generation or so the old gospel would be forever forgotten. Yet the gospel
has burst forth again, and set the world aflame. So it may be in our age, in
God's good time and in His way. Sad indeed are the substitutes for the gospel of
Christ. The Church has been beguiled into "By-path Meadow," and is now groaning
in the dungeon of "Giant Despair." Happy is the man who can point out to such a
Church the straight, high road that leads over hill and valley to the City of
God.
Christian Scholarship & Evangelism
Our Savior sat one day by the well. He talked with a sinful woman, and
laid his finger upon the sore spot in her life. "Thou hast had five husbands,"
he said; "and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband." The woman then
apparently sought to evade the consideration of the sin in her own life by
asking a theological question regarding the right place in which to worship God.
What did Jesus do with her theological question? Did he brush it aside after the
manner of modern religious workers? Did he say to the woman: "You are evading
the real question; do not trouble yourself about theological matters, but let us
return to the consideration of the sin in your life." Not at all. He answered
that theological question with the utmost fullness as though the salvation of
the woman's soul depended on her obtaining the right answer. In reply to that
sinful woman, and to what modern religious workers would have regarded as an
evasive question, Jesus engaged in some of the profoundest theological teaching
in the whole New Testament. A right view of God, according to Jesus, is not
something that comes merely after salvation, but it is something important for
salvation.
The Apostle Paul in the First Epistle
to the Thessalonians gives a precious summary of his missionary preaching. He
does so by telling what it was to which the Thessalonians turned when they were
saved. Was it a mere program of life to which they turned? Was it a "simple
faith," in the modern sense which divorces faith from knowledge and supposes
that a man can have "simple faith" in a person of whom he knows nothing or about
whom he holds opinions that make faith in him absurd? Not at all. In turning to
Christ those Thessalonian Christians turned to a whole system of theology. "Ye
turned to God from idols," says Paul, "to serve the living and true God; and to
wait for His Son from heaven, whom He raised from the dead, even Jesus, which
delivereth us from the wrath to come." "Ye turned to God from idols"-- there is
theology proper. "And to wait for His Son from heaven"-- there is Christology.
"Whom He raised from the dead"-- there is the supernatural act of God in
history. "Even Jesus"-- there is the humanity of our Lord. "Which delivereth us
from the wrath to come"-- there is the Christian doctrine of sin and the
Christian doctrine of the Cross of Christ.
So it is in the New Testament from
beginning to end. The examples might be multiplied indefinitely. The New
Testament gives not one bit of comfort to those who separate faith from
knowledge, to those who hold the absurd view that a man can trust a person about
whom he knows nothing. What many men despise today as "doctrine" the New
Testament calls the gospel; and the New Testament treats it as the message upon
which salvation depends.
But if that be so, if salvation
depends upon the message in which Christ is offered as Savior, it is obviously
important that we should get the message straight. That is where Christian
scholarship comes in. Christian scholarship is important in order that we may
tell the story of Jesus and His love straight and full and plain.
At this point, indeed, an objection
may arise. Is not the gospel a very simple thing, it may be asked; and will not
its simplicity be obscured by too much scholarly research? The objection springs
from a false view of what scholarship is; it springs from the notion that
scholarship leads a man to be obscure. Exactly the reverse is the case.
Ignorance is obscure; but scholarship brings order out of confusion, places
things in their logical relations, and makes the message shine forth clearly.
There are, indeed, evangelists who
are not scholars, but scholarship is necessary to evangelism all the same. In
the first place, though there are evangelists who are not scholars, the greatest
evangelists, like the Apostle Paul and like Martin Luther, have been scholars.
In the second place, the evangelists who are not scholars are dependent upon
scholars to help them get their message straight; it is out of a great
underlying fund of Christian learning that true evangelism springs.
That is something that the Church of
our day needs to take to heart. Life, according to the New Testament, is founded
upon truth; and the attempt to reverse the order results only in despair and in
spiritual death. Let us not deceive ourselves. Christian experience is necessary
to evangelism; but evangelism does not consist merely in the rehearsal of what
has happened in the evangelist's own soul. We shall, indeed, be but poor
witnesses for Christ if we can tell only what Christ has done for the world or
for the Church and cannot tell what He has done personally for us. But we shall
also be poor witnesses if we recount only the experiences of our own lives.
Christian evangelism does not consist merely in a man's going about the world
saying: "Look at me, what a wonderful experience I have, how happy I am, what
wonderful Christian virtues I exhibit; you can all be as good and as happy as I
am if you will just make a complete surrender of your wills in obedience to what
I say." That is what many religious workers seem to think that evangelism is. We
can preach the gospel, they tell us, by our lives, and do not need to preach it
by our words. But they are wrong. Men are not saved by the exhibition of our
glorious Christian virtues; they are not saved by the contagion of our
experiences. We cannot be the instruments of God in saving them if we preach to
them thus only ourselves. Nay, we must preach to them the Lord Jesus Christ; for
it is only through the gospel which sets Him forth that they can be saved.
If you want health for your souls,
and if you want to be the instruments of bringing health to others, do not turn
your gaze forever within, as though you could find Christ there. Nay, turn your
gaze away from your own miserable experiences, away from your own sin, to the
Lord Jesus Christ as He is offered to us in the gospel. "As Moses lifted up the
serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up." Only when
we turn away from ourselves to that uplifted Savior shall we have healing for
our deadly hurt.
It is the same old story, my
friends-- the same old story of the natural man. Men are trying today, as they
have always been trying, to save themselves-- to save themselves by their own
act of surrender, by the excellence of their own faith, by mystic experiences of
their own lives. But it is all in vain. Not that way is peace with God to be
obtained. It is to be obtained only in the old, old way - by attention to
something that was done once for all long ago, and by acceptance of the living
Savior who there, once for all, brought redemption for our sin. Oh, that men
would turn for salvation from their own experience to the Cross of Christ; oh,
that they would turn from the phenomena of religion to the living God!
That that may be done, there is but
one way. It is not found in a study of the psychology of religion; it is not
found in "religious education"; it is not found in an analysis of one's own
spiritual status. Oh, no. It is found only in the blessed written Word. There
are the words of life. There God speaks. Let us attend to His voice. Let us
above all things know the Word. Let us study it with all our minds, let us
cherish it with all our hearts. Then let us try, very humbly, to bring it to the
unsaved. Let us pray that God may honor not the messengers but the message, that
despite our unworthiness He may make His Word upon our unworthy lips to be a
message of life.
"The Importance of
Christian Scholarship" was the general title of Machen's three part series
presented to The Bible League of London, June 17th, 1932. We included the
address: "Christian Scholarship and the Defense of the Faith" in its entirety,
and added a small section from: "Christian Scholarship and Evangelism." These
articles appear in a collection of Machen writings titled What is
Christianity, published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., © 1951. We are grateful
to Eerdmans for giving us permission to reprint these timeless essays.
 J.
Gresham Machen was professor of New Testament at Princeton Theological Seminary
before becoming one of the founders of Westminster Theological Seminary and the
Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC). This address on The Scientific Preparation of the Minister,
was delivered September 20, 1912, at the opening of the one hundred
and first session of Princeton Theological Seminary, and in substance
(previously) at a meeting of the Presbyterian Ministers' Association
of Philadelphia, May 20, 1912. It was first published in The Princeton
Theological Review, Vol. 11, 1913.
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